Robert Nozick was a Harvard philosopher, a political philospher among other things. He was an odd duck with an interesting sense of humor - speculating that autofellatio plaid a role in classical Hindu yoga was typical of his crass jokes. But he was very serious about one thing - Nozick sincerely believed in a philosophical theory of social desert - that one should be allowed to own all and only the goods entitled to you. Nozick traced this theory to the Lockean theory of production & distribution. Locke believed that one owned those goods which one mixed with one's labour (if you were European anyway).
Nozick brought his beliefs to so-called "libertarian" ends. If you are entitled to those goods to the extent which you mixed your labor into them, then it is not clear that you are entitled to any public goods at all. Nozick had an argument - the Utility Monster argument - that utilitarianism (the philosophical position that public policy should aim at some measure of aggregate happiness) could not be a priori true. Consider a society consisting of two consumer classes, one with decreasing returns to consumption (normal people) and one with increasing returns to comsumption (utility monsters). Holding a nations's output constant, the utilitarian political advisor says it is always worth it to tax the normal people and subsidize the utility monsters, which seems unjust a priori. Nozick says, shortly, that utilitarianism is false because it can excuse income inequality.
But here Nozick reaches an impasse. You see, it's not clear that a entitlement theory of desert avoids income inequality. In fact, Nozick argues that entitlement is true despite the fact that it can justify income inequality. His argument is not complex. First of all, he assumes that the set of just objects is closed - any outcome that is reached by individually just actions is just. Next he constructs a possible world where income inequality seems justified. In this imaginary Pittsburgh, everyone starts with $1. But one person is special - he's Wilt Chamberlin. If even one person pays 1¢ to see an exhibition from Wilt The Stilt then he becomes - through no fault of his own - the richest man in Pittsburgh. Why is this unjust?
There are several responses to this. One is tu quoque - why is this income inequality obviously good but utilitarian income inequality obviously bad? But there are sharper critiques. Despite the appearance of dollars and cents, Nozick's example is not economic. The people of imaginary Pittsburgh are not given alternate uses for their money. Why would they hold cash? Why does Chamberlin hold cash? This points us to the deeper problem arising from Nozick's economic ignorance - income is a flow but he treats it as a stock. It is of interest to Nozick that Chamberlin's capital recieves dividends, but it's clear he hasn't placed those dividends in a society - his "possible world" is unworthy of the name.
The choice of Wilt Chamberlin is careful rhetoric. Most capital that pays dividends as the Wilt Chamberlin case can be transferred - in the case of extreme regimes, land can be nationalized, factories can be seized, etc.. But Nozick clearly believes Chamberlin's God given talents are just that - in born natural talent (that Nozick thinks this about Chamberlin brings up the issue of race in ways I won't address) that can't be transferred. There might be a similar point about transferable utility in the utility monster case. The only way to redistribute the returns on Chamberlin-capital is to tax the income - right?
Well, maybe maybe not. Most modern theorists on inequality concentrate on wealth inequality rather than income inequality. Unlike income inequality, wealth inequality doesn't correlate with Wilt Chamberlin like capital - not with things that a priori seem justified. Not IQ, for instance. This is a positive, not a priori case but it is still a hole in Nozick's point. Even if one believes that Chamberlin deserves the income he recieves from his non-transferable capital, that doesn't mean that one believes he deserves his stock of wealth. So Nozick's argument is all a little bit old fashioned.
In sum, I think that Nozick's argument is unpersuasive for two reasons. It isn't obvious that he solves what he thinks are problems with other theories and even the internal coherence of his story is questionable. Still, Invariances is a good book.
No comments:
Post a Comment